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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク List of breastwork monitors of the Royal Navy ： ウィキペディア英語版 List of breastwork monitors of the Royal Navy The breastwork monitor was developed during the 1860s by Sir Edward Reed, Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy, as an improvement of the basic monitor design developed by John Ericsson during the American Civil War. Reed gave these ships a superstructure to increase seaworthiness and raise the freeboard of the gun turrets so they could be worked in all weathers. The superstructure was armoured to protect the bases of the turrets, the funnels and the ventilator ducts in what he termed a breastwork. The ships were conceived as harbour defence ships with little need to leave port. This meant that they could dispense with the masts, sails and rigging needed to supplement their coal-fired steam engines over any distance. Reed took advantage of the lack of masts and designed the ships with one twin-gun turret at each end of the superstructure, each able to turn and fire in a 270° arc.〔Parkes, p. 166〕 These ships were described by Admiral George Alexander Ballard as being like "full-armoured knights riding on donkeys, easy to avoid but bad to close with".〔Ballard, p. 219〕 Reed later developed the design into the , the first ocean-going turret ships without masts, the direct ancestors of the pre-dreadnought battleships and the dreadnoughts.〔Gardiner, p. 23〕 Reed designed the first ship (HMVS ''Cerberus'') at the request of the Colony of Victoria; the India Office then ordered another of the same design (HMS ''Magdala'') as well as a less expensive version (HMS ''Abyssinia''). The four ''Cyclops''-class ships, enlarged versions of ''Cerberus'', were ordered in 1870 for local defence of English ports.〔Brown, pp. 56–57〕 HMS ''Glatton'' was derived from the design of the first breastwork monitors, but sacrificed the rear turret for thicker armour and larger guns with which to attack enemy ports. She was given a deep draught to improve her seaworthiness, but her low freeboard meant that she had very little ability to weather head seas.〔Brown, pp. 57–58〕 HMS ''Hotspur'' was similar in layout to ''Glatton'', but she was given more freeboard by the addition of an unarmoured structure above her waterline armour belt. Designed as a ram, ''Hotspur'' was given a fixed turret with four gun ports as a rotating turret was not thought capable of withstanding the shock of impact. HMS ''Rupert'' was an enlarged version of ''Hotspur'', but used a ''Glatton''-type turret instead of the fixed turret and thicker armour than the older ship. The two ''Conqueror''-class ships were enlarged versions of ''Rupert'' with heavier guns, thicker armour and a steel hull.〔Gardiner, pp. 22, 24, 28〕 With the exception of ''Cerberus'', all of these ships were sold off for scrap during the first decade of the 20th century.〔Gardiner, pp. 21–22, 24, 28〕 ''Cerberus'' was sold in 1924 and used as a breakwater; her wreck still exists off Half Moon Bay in Australia.〔 ==Key== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of breastwork monitors of the Royal Navy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.